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🎙 播客No Priors· 2026 年 5 月 14 日· 6,238 词 · 约 31 分钟

Pax Silica: Inside the Trump Administration’s Tech Strategy with US Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs Jacob Helberg

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Speaker 100:00 - 00:33
We're not gonna do government operated supply chains because that's not how we shine as a country. Our superpower is really our private sector and our companies. The old Steve Jobs quote that American products enchant and delight users around the world by the billions. That is really is our edge as a country. And so the answer's been trying to work in lockstep with our private companies and our builders to build platforms that are commercially viable and that can ultimately live outside of the government as a private service.
Speaker 100:00 - 00:33
我们不会去搞 government operated 的 supply chain(供应链),因为那不是我们这个国家最擅长发光发热的方式。我们真正的超级力量,其实是我们的 private sector(私营部门)和我们的公司。就像 Steve Jobs 那句老话说的,美国的产品以数十亿计地让全球用户着迷、愉悦。这确实就是我们作为一个国家的优势所在。所以答案一直都是,努力与我们的 private companies 和 builders 紧密协同,打造在商业上可行的平台,并且最终能够脱离政府、作为一种 private service(私人服务)独立运行。
Speaker 200:41 - 00:58
The Danno Prize were joined by Jacob Helberg, the Undersecretary of state for economic affairs. We spoke with Jacob before he was confirmed in this role, we're very excited to have him back to discuss, Pax Silica, which is a multinational effort to secure the AI supply chain for The United States and its allies.
Speaker 200:41 - 00:58
在 Danno Prize,我们请到了主管经济事务的 Undersecretary of State Jacob Helberg。在他正式获任这个职位之前,我们就曾和 Jacob 交流过;这次很高兴再次请他回来,讨论 Pax Silica——这是一项旨在为 The United States 及其盟友保障 AI supply chain(AI 供应链)安全的 multinational effort(多国协作行动)。
Speaker 300:58 - 01:00
Jacob, thanks so much for being here.
Speaker 300:58 - 01:00
Jacob,非常感谢你来到这里。
Speaker 201:00 - 01:01
Yeah. Thanks for joining us.
Speaker 201:00 - 01:01
好的。感谢你加入我们。
Speaker 101:01 - 01:02
Thanks for having me.
Speaker 101:01 - 01:02
谢谢邀请我。
Speaker 301:02 - 01:11
So let's get right into it. Three months ago, you announced Paxilica, a super ambitious coalition. Can you explain what it is and where you are in it?
Speaker 301:02 - 01:11
那我们直接进入正题吧。三个月前,你宣布了 Paxilica,这是一项雄心非常大的 coalition(联盟)。你能解释一下它是什么,以及目前进展到哪一步了吗?
Speaker 101:11 - 01:35
Yeah, absolutely. So I gave a speech at the Hudson Institute that was really meant to be our blueprint for Paxilica. Paxilica is an economic security coalition that now has 14 countries. And the idea is really to have an ecosystems based approach to our supply chains, and specifically the AI supply chain. And in my speech at Hudson, I outlined our different lines of efforts, including our policy roadmaps and our projects.
Speaker 101:11 - 01:35
当然,绝对可以。所以我当时在 Hudson Institute 发表了一场演讲,那场演讲其实就是我们为 Paxilica 制定的 blueprint(蓝图)。Paxilica 是一个 economic security coalition(经济安全联盟),现在已经有 14 个国家加入。其核心理念,确实是要用一种 ecosystems-based(基于生态系统)的方式来构建我们的 supply chains,尤其是 AI supply chain。在 Hudson 的那次演讲里,我概述了我们不同的推进方向,包括我们的 policy roadmaps(政策路线图)和各项 projects(项目)。
Speaker 101:35 - 02:22
And about a week and a half ago, we basically did the first big, what would be the tech equivalent of a product rollout where we announced a forward deployed industrial base with our oldest ally in Asia, The Philippines. We made this arrangement with them where they are granting us 4,000 acres, which is obviously very substantial. It's a third of the size of Manhattan to do a very large industrial build out that's one of a kind that helps combine the predictability and certainty of the American common law system with the industrial comparative advantages that The Philippines offers. And the goal is really to secure inputs that are vital for our supply chains. And so we're super excited to be here in San Francisco, talk to builders, and see ways that we can actually accelerate supply chain security for our tech companies.
Speaker 101:35 - 02:22
大约一周半之前,我们基本上做了第一次大型发布——如果用科技行业的话来说,相当于一次 product rollout(产品发布)——我们宣布,将与我们在亚洲最久远的盟友 The Philippines 共建一个 forward deployed industrial base(前沿部署工业基地)。我们和他们达成了这项安排:他们将提供给我们 4,000 英亩土地,这显然是非常可观的规模。它大约有 Manhattan 三分之一那么大,用来开展一个规模非常大的 industrial build-out(工业开发建设);这是独一无二的项目,它有助于把 American common law system(美国普通法体系)的可预测性和确定性,与 The Philippines 所具备的 industrial comparative advantages(产业比较优势)结合起来。而其目标,确实是保障那些对我们 supply chains 至关重要的 inputs(投入品)。所以我们非常高兴来到 San Francisco,与 builders 交流,看看有哪些方式能真正加快为我们的 tech companies 提升 supply chain security(供应链安全)。
Speaker 102:23 - 02:23
Is this set up
Speaker 102:23 - 02:23
这是这样设定的吗?
Speaker 202:23 - 02:30
as a special economic zone in The Philippines? Or could you tell us more about the details beyond sort of the legal side that you mentioned?
Speaker 202:23 - 02:30
作为 The Philippines 的一个 special economic zone(特殊经济区)吗?还是说,除了你刚才提到的法律层面之外,你还能再多讲讲具体细节?
Speaker 102:30 - 03:00
Yeah, absolutely. So right now, there are two phases to the plan. The first phase is the State Department taking into custody the zone. We are referring to it as an economic security zone because it is a very unique type of arrangement. The State Department has authorities to take in land and property into custody, sort of how foreign governments gift the State Department counselors and consulates and embassies.
Speaker 102:30 - 03:00
对,当然可以。所以目前,这个计划分为两个阶段。第一阶段是由 State Department 接管这个区域。我们把它称为 economic security zone(经济安全区),因为这是一种非常独特的安排。State Department 有权将土地和财产纳入托管,有点类似于外国政府向 State Department 的官邸、领事馆和大使馆赠与土地或物业的那种方式。
Speaker 103:00 - 03:21
It's very unique to do a gift of 4,000 acres. But fortunately, there's no statutory limits on how big or small property can be. And so that's phase one. So right now, it's actually diplomatic property that is effectively, you know, governed by the same laws as our embassies are. Phase two will be the long term development and build out of the land.
Speaker 103:00 - 03:21
赠与 4,000 英亩土地这种事非常少见。但幸运的是,法律条文上并没有规定物业面积必须多大或多小。所以这就是第一阶段。也就是说,目前它实际上属于 diplomatic property(外交财产),基本上受与我们的大使馆相同的法律体系管辖。第二阶段则是这片土地的长期开发与建设。
Speaker 103:21 - 03:50
And so we are gonna spend we have two years, a two year window to negotiate the details with our Filipino counterparts on the investor protections that will apply to the land, the taxation regimes, and all of the different legal safeguards that investors will be able to benefit from for the long term. And the goal is within that two year window to actually have a long term framework that will be multiple decades.
Speaker 103:21 - 03:50
所以接下来我们会利用两年时间,也就是一个两年的窗口期,与菲律宾方面的对应官员协商细节,包括适用于这片土地的 investor protections(投资者保护)、taxation regimes(税收制度),以及投资者未来长期能够享有的各种法律保障。目标是在这两年窗口期内,真正建立起一个可持续数十年的长期框架。
Speaker 303:51 - 04:00
It's an amazing innovation. Are there specific domains that you think make sense to invest in there from a manufacturing, mineral processing, whatever it is, perspective now?
Speaker 303:51 - 04:00
这真是个很了不起的创新。从制造业、矿产加工之类的角度来看,你觉得现在有哪些具体领域值得在那边投资吗?
Speaker 104:01 - 04:30
Yeah. So the goal is really to actually test a concept that could potentially be replicable. I mean, right now, if, you know, when we think about the AI supply chain, a lot of people just think of chips. But the reality is that the AI supply chain actually includes thousands of inputs like precision reducers and server motors and rare earth magnets and actuators. And our concentration risk as a country is incredibly high for basically all of those inputs.
Speaker 104:01 - 04:30
有的。所以这个目标其实是要测试一种未来可能可以复制的模式。我的意思是,现在一提到 AI supply chain(AI 供应链),很多人想到的只是 chips(芯片)。但现实是,AI 供应链实际上包含成千上万种投入品,比如 precision reducers(精密减速器)、server motors(服务器电机)、rare earth magnets(稀土磁体)以及 actuators(执行器)。而我们这个国家在几乎所有这些投入品上的 concentration risk(集中度风险)都高得惊人。
Speaker 104:30 - 05:08
And so the goal is to identify key geographies that actually have industrial strengths and bring unique capabilities to the table that could actually help us move the needle meaningfully in different segments of the supply chain. So The Philippines already has a native indigenous manufacturing ecosystem that's already quite deep. It's our oldest ally in Asia. So we have a very deep values alignment with The Philippines. And so we think that the nexus between the values alignment combined with their industrial advantages actually makes for a very compelling value proposition for a lot of companies.
Speaker 104:30 - 05:08
所以我们的目标,是找出那些确实具备工业优势、并且能够带来独特能力的关键地区,帮助我们在供应链的不同环节真正产生实质性推进。The Philippines 本身已经拥有一个相当深厚的本土原生制造业生态。它也是我们在亚洲最早的盟友,因此我们与 The Philippines 在价值观上高度一致。所以我们认为,价值观一致性与其产业优势的结合,对很多公司来说都构成了一个非常有吸引力的 value proposition(价值主张)。
Speaker 105:08 - 05:42
We're talking with a number of companies focused on their robotics supply chain. As you guys know living out here, and I'm sure you guys include robotics companies in your portfolio, but the robotics supply chain, robotics is an incredibly promising industry that really is poised to change a lot of things in manufacturing as well as in people's daily lives. And the supply chain is right now completely dominated by China. And so that's an area where that's, you know, we're particularly interested in potentially making a bet on.
Speaker 105:08 - 05:42
我们正在和不少聚焦于 robotics supply chain(机器人供应链)的公司交流。你们既然住在这边,应该很清楚这一点,而且我也相信你们的投资组合里应该有 robotics(机器人)公司。机器人是一个前景极其可观的行业,确实有望在制造业以及人们的日常生活中带来很多变化。而这个供应链目前基本完全由 China 主导。所以这是一个我们尤其感兴趣、也可能会重点押注的方向。
Speaker 305:43 - 05:55
When most people hear economic security policy, one of the first things they think of is the Belt and Road Initiative. How would you contrast, you know, your strategy and the State Department's strategy here with that approach?
Speaker 305:43 - 05:55
当大多数人听到 economic security policy(经济安全政策)时,他们首先想到的事情之一就是 Belt and Road Initiative。你会如何把你们的战略以及 State Department 在这方面的战略,与那种做法作对比?
Speaker 105:55 - 06:17
Yeah. So that's such a great question. And I think, you know, one of the benefits that we've been able to leverage developing this strategy today is the ability to study twenty five years of, you know, of China's Belt and Road Initiative, how they've done what they've done, what's worked, what hasn't worked. Fundamentally Do you
Speaker 105:55 - 06:17
是的,这是个非常好的问题。我认为,你知道,我们今天在制定这一战略时能够加以利用的一个优势,就是可以研究 China 的 Belt and Road Initiative 过去二十五年的情况:他们是怎么做这些事的,哪些做法奏效了,哪些没有。从根本上说——你要不要
Speaker 206:17 - 06:18
wanna explain what that is too for
Speaker 206:17 - 06:18
也顺便为
Speaker 106:18 - 06:41
our audience? So the Belt and Road Initiative is a very, very large foreign policy project of the Chinese government that basically involved using state owned enterprises that are essentially extensions of the government to carry out massive infrastructure projects overseas. And the idea is using infrastructure projects as a tool of foreign policy to achieve foreign policy outcomes.
Speaker 106:18 - 06:41
我们的听众解释一下那是什么?所以,Belt and Road Initiative 是 Chinese government 一个非常非常大型的 foreign policy 项目,基本上是通过使用 state-owned enterprises——这些企业本质上是 government 的延伸——在海外实施大规模基础设施项目。而其思路是,把基础设施项目作为 foreign policy 的工具,用来实现 foreign policy 的结果。
Speaker 206:41 - 06:46
So this was the big build outs, for example, in Africa that Exactly. China did in a variety of countries there.
Speaker 206:41 - 06:46
所以比如说,这就是那些在 Africa 的大规模建设,对吧?没错。China 在那里的多个国家都这么做了。
Speaker 106:46 - 07:22
That's right. So whether it's creating mines or processing facilities, a lot of the times it involved building out very big roads, sometimes bridges. A lot of the times, it included railways. And and fundamentally, what it was was state owned enterprises building government operated railways, government, you know, built roads and bridges. And the Chinese government, by virtue of its system, really built all of this in house, which for us, you know, when we think about how should we we want to secure our supply chains.
Speaker 106:46 - 07:22
对,就是这样。所以无论是建设矿山还是加工设施,很多时候都涉及修建非常大的公路,有时还有桥梁。很多时候,也包括铁路。归根结底,这其实就是由 state-owned enterprises 去建设由 government 运营的铁路、由 government 修建的道路和桥梁。由于 China 的体制特点,Chinese government 实际上基本都是内部完成了这一切。这一点对我们来说——当我们思考我们应当如何保障 supply chains 时——很值得参考。
Speaker 107:22 - 07:33
We need to make a lot of investments, you know, that are you know, touch upon these kinds of industrial capabilities. But as Americans, we're not gonna do this in house inside of the government.
Speaker 107:22 - 07:33
我们需要进行大量投资,这些投资会涉及这类 industrial capabilities(工业能力)。但作为 Americans,我们不会把这些事情放在 government 内部自行完成。
Speaker 207:33 - 07:39
The side effects of this for China was basically both building out their industrial base, but then also securing natural resources in some of these countries.
Speaker 207:33 - 07:39
这对 China 的副作用基本上是:一方面扩展了他们的 industrial base(工业基础),另一方面也确保了他们在其中一些国家获得 natural resources(自然资源)。
Speaker 107:39 - 08:11
Exactly. So they were able to build a network that ensured that their factories in China had all the inputs in order to actually really, you know, thrive. And and, you know, Shenzhen today is really, you know, the world's factory floor. Because they have deep relationships with suppliers and vendors, you know, on every continent, basically. And the infrastructure that they leverage allows them to get access in a way that's very, very competitive.
Speaker 107:39 - 08:11
没错。所以他们能够建立起一个网络,确保他们在 China 的工厂拥有真正实现繁荣所需的全部投入品。如今的 Shenzhen,确实可以说是世界的 factory floor(工厂车间)。因为他们与几乎每个大洲的 suppliers(供应商)和 vendors(供货商)都建立了深厚关系。而他们所利用的基础设施,让他们能够以一种极具竞争力的方式获得这些资源。
Speaker 108:11 - 08:45
So the question for us is, you know, how do we compete in that landscape at a time when we want to re industrialize? And the answer is we're not gonna do government operated supply chains because that's not how we shine as a country. And I the, you know, sort of where we've landed is our superpower is really our private sector and our companies. And it's sort of the old Steve Jobs quote that, you know, American products enchant and delight users around the world by the billions. And that's how you know, that is really is our edge as a country.
Speaker 108:11 - 08:45
所以对我们来说,问题在于:当我们想要再工业化的时候,如何在那样的格局中竞争?答案是,我们不会去搞 government operated supply chains(政府运营的供应链),因为那不是这个国家最擅长发光发热的方式。而我认为,我们最终得出的结论是,我们真正的 superpower(超级力量)其实是我们的 private sector(私营部门)和我们的公司。这有点像 Steve Jobs 的那句老话:American products 让全世界数十亿用户着迷并感到愉悦。而这也正是我们这个国家真正的优势所在。
Speaker 108:45 - 09:32
And so how do we, you know, adopt a product based, a product centric approach to, you know, our foreign policy where we can actually use that kind of approach to to achieve foreign policy outcomes? And and what we've done so that's very much sort of the lens of how we've, you know, decided to focus our economic security strategy. The answer has been trying to work in lockstep with our private companies and our builders to build platforms that are commercially viable, and that can ultimately live outside of the government as a private service. And so the forward deployed industrial base is meant to be a platform for private investment that will be viable for the long term. It's the first of its kind.
Speaker 108:45 - 09:32
那么,我们该如何在 foreign policy(外交政策)中采用一种 product based、product centric(以产品为基础、以产品为中心)的方法,并真正用这种方法去实现外交政策成果?这其实就是我们决定聚焦 economic security strategy(经济安全战略)时所采用的核心视角。我们的答案,是努力与我们的 private companies(私营企业)和 builders(建设者、创业者)步调一致,去打造在商业上可行的平台,并且这些平台最终能够脱离政府、作为 private service(私人服务)独立存在。因此,forward deployed industrial base(前沿部署工业基础)旨在成为一个能够支持长期可持续运作的 private investment(私人投资)平台。这是首创之举。
Speaker 109:32 - 09:56
We're thinking about making a big play in the logistics space in partnership with large, you know, corporates. And in June, we're we're looking at potentially doing a broader rollout where we're going to roll out four or five different big lines of effort. You guys are both invited to Washington for it. And so, you know, having a product based approach is very much how we're thinking about it.
Speaker 109:32 - 09:56
我们正在考虑与大型 corporates(企业)合作,在 logistics(物流)领域下一步大棋。到了 June,我们可能会进行一次更大范围的 rollout(铺开部署),届时会推出四到五条不同的重要工作主线。你们两位也都受邀去 Washington 参加。所以,采用一种 product based(以产品为基础)的方法,确实就是我们目前的思路。
Speaker 309:56 - 10:10
As somebody who's done a deep study of the pros and cons of Belt and Road, There's obviously access to infrastructure and inputs as some dimension of success here. What's been the failure point for Belt and Road?
Speaker 309:56 - 10:10
作为一个深入研究过 Belt and Road 利弊的人,显然,获得基础设施和投入品的渠道是其成功的一个维度。那 Belt and Road 的失败点在哪里?
Speaker 110:10 - 10:40
Well, failure point is, you know, so first of all, obviously, some of the projects, you know, have been useful for China. There's a lot of waste in the Belt and Road Initiative. And, you know, mainly it's because whenever you have, you know, central planning and really government bureaucrats effectively, you know, allocating large pools of capital. There's a lot of waste because vendors, you know, massively overcharge things. There's a lot of waste because there's a lot of roads to nowhere.
Speaker 110:10 - 10:40
嗯,说到失败点,首先很明显,其中一些项目对 China 确实是有用的。Belt and Road Initiative 里存在大量浪费。主要原因在于,只要你搞的是 central planning(中央规划),并且实际上由 government bureaucrats(政府官僚)来配置大规模资本池,就会产生大量浪费。之所以浪费严重,是因为 vendors 会大幅抬高报价;之所以浪费严重,也是因为那里有很多通往 nowhere 的 roads(无实际用途的路)。
Speaker 110:41 - 11:23
And and what happens is, you know, China will basically deploy capital to its own companies that then, you know, basically write IOUs to the host country. And the host country realizes that, you know, they've gained a reputation for these projects have gained a reputation for being a debt trap because China will say, you know, we'll build a road and, you know, as a loan. Except the company building the road is Chinese. And so China can basically decide, you know, what the price is. And as you guys know, know, when you build a house or when you do any construction project, a lot of projects run over budget a lot.
Speaker 110:41 - 11:23
实际情况是,China 基本上会把资本投向自己的公司,而这些公司随后基本上会给 host country(东道国)开 IOUs(借据)。而 host country 会意识到,这些项目之所以背上了 debt trap(债务陷阱)的名声,是因为 China 会说,我们给你修一条路,作为贷款来做。可问题是,修这条路的公司本身就是 Chinese company(中国公司)。因此,China 基本上就可以决定价格是多少。而你们也知道,无论是盖房子还是做任何 construction project(建设项目),很多项目都会严重超预算。
Speaker 111:23 - 11:49
And you know, when a host country thinks it's taking on, you know, x million dollars in liabilities, and it actually ends up being 10x that, that's when they kind of end up in quicksand. And so the Belt and Road Initiative has really garnered a reputation for really being a tool of political leverage that a lot of countries are still digging themselves out of.
Speaker 111:23 - 11:49
你知道,当一个 host country 以为自己承担的是 x million dollars 的负债,结果最后实际变成了它的 10 倍时,他们就会有点陷入流沙之中。所以,Belt and Road Initiative 如今确实已经形成了一种名声:它本质上是一种 political leverage(政治施压)工具,而很多国家至今仍在努力摆脱它带来的后果。
Speaker 311:49 - 11:51
And so Versus one of partnership.
Speaker 311:49 - 11:51
所以,与“伙伴关系”那种模式相对的,是另一种模式。
Speaker 111:51 - 12:08
Exactly. Versus one where it's positive sum. I think a lot of countries don't feel like they have enough upside in it. It is Chinese workers, Chinese companies, you know. And a lot of the times, it's Chinese equity because the debt converts to equity if, you know, the host country defaults.
Speaker 111:51 - 12:08
没错。相对的是一种正和(positive sum)的模式。我觉得很多国家并不觉得自己能从中获得足够多的上行收益(upside)。因为参与其中的是 Chinese 工人、Chinese 公司,你懂的。而且很多时候甚至是 Chinese equity(股权),因为如果东道国违约,债务就会转换成股权。
Speaker 112:08 - 12:37
They do a lot of the times. And so, we're approaching it totally differently. And because we're approaching it by putting our companies in the driver's seat, it's actually, in a lot of ways, it's much more ethical because the deal is structured in a way that's really meant to be, you know, a true joint venture and one that will be optimized for commercial viability, not just, you know, for political purposes.
Speaker 112:08 - 12:37
他们很多时候确实会这样。所以,我们采取的是完全不同的方式。而且因为我们是把我们的公司放在主导位置来推进这件事,实际上从很多方面看,这样做更符合伦理,因为交易结构的设计初衷,是真正要做成一个 joint venture(合资合作),并且会围绕商业可行性(commercial viability)来优化,而不只是出于政治目的。
Speaker 312:38 - 12:51
When you think about the 14 countries that are already part of PACSILICA or, you know, this as a potential blueprint for others to be involved in American for deployed industrial bases, like, what's the value prop for them?
Speaker 312:38 - 12:51
当你考虑已经加入 PACSILICA 的 14 个国家,或者说把这件事视为一个蓝图,让其他国家也参与到 American 前沿部署型工业基地之中时,对他们来说,它的 value prop(价值主张)是什么?
Speaker 112:51 - 13:50
So the value prop is one of the amazing things that we're seeing is obviously the AI revolution is leading to huge growth. I mean, despite the volatility in the energy markets, you know, the American economy has been proven incredibly resilient. And a big part of that is AI being this incredibly strong economic force that is already fueling over a third of our economic GDP growth right here in The US. Overseas, we're leading we're seeing that growth translate to record demands for copper, record demands for cobalt, record demands for, you know, lots of different inputs that go into data centers, and and, you know, record demand for electricians and all the rest. And so the takeaway for a lot of these countries is if they find ways of actually having a bigger part and a bigger stake in that supply chain at different layers, layers that make sense for their companies and their economy, they can actually derive a lot of economic growth from that revolution.
Speaker 112:51 - 13:50
所以,这里的 value prop(价值主张)在于:我们正在看到的一件很惊人的事,显然是 AI 革命正在带来巨大的增长。我的意思是,尽管能源市场存在波动,American 经济已经证明了自己具有惊人的韧性。而其中一个很重要的原因,就是 AI 作为一种极其强劲的经济力量,已经在 The US 贡献了超过三分之一的 GDP 增长。放眼海外,我们领先,同时我们也看到,这种增长正在转化为创纪录的 copper 需求、创纪录的 cobalt 需求,以及你知道的,建设 data centers(数据中心)所需的各种不同投入品的创纪录需求,当然还有对 electricians(电工)等各类岗位的创纪录需求。所以,对这些国家来说,关键启示是:如果它们能找到办法,在这条供应链的不同层级上占据更大的份额、拥有更大的 stake(利益份额)——而且这些层级要适合它们本国的公司和经济——那么它们实际上就能从这场革命中获得相当可观的经济增长。
Speaker 113:50 - 14:21
Because, you know, the amazing thing about the tech industry, especially when we go through these inflection points, as you guys know, is the pie grows really fast. And so it's really not zero sum, which actually makes it incredibly conducive to forge very mutually beneficial partnerships. Because we're not approaching it as you know, what I gain, someone else loses. It's actually because the pie is growing, we're partnering together. And this is very much part of the ethos of how we're partnering with The Philippines.
Speaker 113:50 - 14:21
因为你知道,科技行业最了不起的一点,尤其是在我们经历这些拐点(inflection points)的时候,正如你们也知道的,是这个 pie(蛋糕)会非常快地做大。所以它真的不是零和博弈,这也使得它特别适合去建立那种真正互利的伙伴关系。因为我们的思路不是“我得到的,就是别人失去的”。恰恰相反,正因为蛋糕在变大,我们才会选择一起合作。而这正是我们与 The Philippines 合作时非常核心的一种 ethos(理念)。
Speaker 114:22 - 14:38
We we are developing a partnership where we both have skin in the game, and we both share in the upside of success. And so, you know, risk is evenly allocated, and so is upside. And so ultimately, it's very much a win win proposition.
Speaker 114:22 - 14:38
我们正在建立一种合作关系:双方都真正投入其中,双方也都分享成功带来的上行收益。所以,风险是均衡分配的,上行收益也是如此。归根结底,这非常明显是一个双赢的方案。
Speaker 214:38 - 15:05
How you do think about the areas where you want to partner with other countries versus have things happen in The US? So I know for example, there's been a long standing effort to bring back fabs and the ability to manufacture semiconductors at sort of state of the art line widths and everything else in The US. That hasn't quite happened yet. I know there's active efforts to do that. What do you think is important to do in The US itself versus to partner with other countries, and how do you figure out what goes where?
Speaker 214:38 - 15:05
你会怎么思考这样一个问题:哪些领域是你希望与其他国家合作推进的,哪些事情则应该放在 The US 本土完成?比如我知道,长期以来一直有人努力把 fabs(晶圆厂)以及以最先进线宽制造 semiconductors(半导体)的能力重新带回 The US。这个目标目前还没有完全实现,不过我知道相关努力一直在积极推进。你认为,哪些事情必须在 The US 自身完成,哪些事情更适合与其他国家合作?你又是如何判断什么该放在哪里的?
Speaker 115:05 - 15:24
Yeah. So that is such a great question. And I think, you know, I would answer that question in few different parts. But the first part is maybe starting with some stats. And America consumes accounts for, you know, somewhere in the neighborhood between 2030% of global consumption on any given quarter.
Speaker 115:05 - 15:24
对,这是个非常好的问题。我想这个问题可以分几个部分来回答。不过第一部分,也许可以先从一些统计数据说起。美国的消费占全球消费的比例,在任何一个季度大致都在 20% 到 30% 之间。
Speaker 115:24 - 15:33
It's obviously huge because we're 4% of the world's population, but we're basically a fourth to a third of the world's total consumption. Our production
Speaker 115:24 - 15:33
这显然是巨大的,因为我们只占世界人口的 4%,但我们基本上消耗了全球总消费的四分之一到三分之一。我们的生产
Speaker 215:33 - 15:34
levels Celsius or other things
Speaker 215:33 - 15:34
水平,Celsius 或其他东西
Speaker 115:34 - 15:37
like that? Things in Celsius or
Speaker 115:34 - 15:37
类似那样?用 Celsius 计的东西,或者
Speaker 315:37 - 15:38
No name or coffee.
Speaker 315:37 - 15:38
没有名字,或者 coffee。
Speaker 115:38 - 15:48
You know? We consume a lot of stuff. I mean, Americans like to consume. You know, we're a risk taking culture. We're a high consumption society.
Speaker 115:38 - 15:48
你懂吧?我们消费很多东西。我的意思是,美国人就是喜欢消费。你知道,我们是一种敢于承担风险的文化。我们是一个高消费社会。
Speaker 115:49 - 16:23
And our production levels are not 20 or 30%. We produce a lot less than that. And so part of what we're seeing is if we narrow the gap between what we consume and what we produce, we will re industrialize America. Because that will be a massive re industrialization plan that will inevitably include a lot of you know, semi autonomy or full autonomy. And because if we industrialize in an economy where unemployment's already at 4%, it will have to be, you know, very, very autonomous, which is possible.
Speaker 115:49 - 16:23
而我们的生产水平并不是 20% 或 30%。我们的产出远低于这个数字。所以我们现在看到的一部分情况是:如果我们缩小消费与生产之间的差距,我们就会让 America 再工业化。因为那将会是一项大规模的再工业化计划,而其中必然会包含大量你知道的 semi-autonomy(半自动化)或 full autonomy(全自动化)。因为如果我们要在一个失业率已经只有 4% 的经济体中推进工业化,它就必须是非常、非常自主化的,而这也是可能做到的。
Speaker 116:23 - 17:07
Singapore has proven that's possible. They have highly autonomous ports, you know, factories. And so that, you know, so that's number one. Then there's a question of, you know, what happens with the other 70% of the world's consumption that is currently, you know, mostly concentrated in China? And so the idea is if we want to have a supply chain system where America and its allies and the global economy has access to suppliers that are more evenly distributed, that are reliable, trustworthy, transparent, I think a lot of countries actually really see that as a business opportunity for them to also be able to have, you know, more production in their respective regions.
Speaker 116:23 - 17:07
Singapore 已经证明这是可行的。他们拥有高度自主化的港口、工厂。所以,这是第一点。然后还有一个问题,就是目前全球其余 70% 的消费会发生什么——这些消费当前你知道的,主要集中在 China。所以这里的想法是,如果我们希望建立一个供应链体系,让 America、它的盟友以及全球经济都能够获得分布更均衡的供应商,而且这些供应商是可靠的、值得信任的、透明的,那么我认为很多国家实际上都会把这视为一个商业机会,让它们也能够在各自所在地区拥有更多生产能力。
Speaker 117:08 - 17:52
And so part of the idea for the forward deployed industrial base and these economic security zones is actually to have a hub based approach where we can leverage the industrial attributes. So for example, if regions have a lot of rare earth minerals, or you know, for example, in the case of The Philippines, a very deep indigenous manufacturing ecosystem. You know, things that they're really good at or have unique advantages in, we can leverage that to to really help capitalize on that and and make sure that they can actually contribute to their supply chains for areas where they're that they're really good in. And ultimately, you know, help foster regional hubs. Because, you know, the population of Africa, for example, is growing massively.
Speaker 117:08 - 17:52
因此,关于 forward deployed industrial base 和这些 economic security zones 的一部分构想,实际上是采取一种以 hub(枢纽)为基础的方法,让我们能够利用各地的产业属性。比如说,如果某些地区拥有大量 rare earth minerals(稀土矿物),或者像 The Philippines 那样,拥有非常深厚的本土制造业生态系统。也就是说,针对那些他们特别擅长、或者具有独特优势的领域,我们可以加以利用,真正帮助他们把这些优势资本化,并确保他们能够在自己真正擅长的环节上,为其 supply chain(供应链)作出贡献。最终,也能帮助培育区域性 hub。因为比如说,Africa 的人口就在大规模增长。
Speaker 117:52 - 18:17
The, you know, South America is also growing very, very quickly, you know, places like Brazil, Argentina. And so I think having a hub based approach is very promising. And ultimately, America is, you know, remains the economic engine of the global economy. And so I think the parts that we re industrialize here will definitely be the biggest driving forces. And you're totally right.
Speaker 117:52 - 18:17
South America 的增长也非常、非常快,比如 Brazil、Argentina 这样的地方。所以我认为,采用一种以 hub 为基础的方法是非常有前景的。归根结底,America 仍然是全球经济的经济引擎。所以我认为,我们在这里推进 re-industrialize(再工业化)的那些部分,肯定会成为最大的驱动力。你说得完全对。
Speaker 118:17 - 18:44
I mean, the effort to bring back semiconductor fab production here is already well underway. And so that will continue. It's already in flight, and there's a whole host of reasons why it wouldn't necessarily make sense to try to replicate that elsewhere because it's highly technical. The global supply of talent available in that area is very finite and limited. And it's also extremely capital intensive.
Speaker 118:17 - 18:44
我的意思是,把 semiconductor fab(半导体晶圆厂)生产带回这里的努力,其实已经在顺利推进了。所以这会继续下去。它已经在进行中了,而且有很多原因说明,未必有必要把这一套复制到别的地方,因为它的技术门槛非常高。全球在这个领域可用的人才供给非常有限。而且这还是一个资本投入极其密集的行业。
Speaker 118:44 - 19:10
So it wouldn't make sense to, you know, replicate that elsewhere before it's finished here. But, you know, the the unfortunate and good news is the supply chain is vast. And there's a lot of things that still need to be built. And so the world, I think, is actually really, really ripe with opportunity in that sense.
Speaker 118:44 - 19:10
所以,在这里尚未完成之前,把它复制到别处并不合理。不过,不幸中的好消息,或者说好消息中的坏消息是,supply chain 非常庞大。还有很多东西仍然需要建设。所以我认为,从这个意义上说,世界其实充满了非常非常多的机会。
Speaker 219:10 - 19:38
How do you think about other inputs into what you're talking about? So for example, you mentioned rare earth magnets. And my sense, and I haven't verified this, so please correct me if it's wrong, is that A) rare earths are not actually rare, B) the total market size is in a few billion dollars a year, and C) that market is heavily subsidized by China in order to basically control supply. It's sort of a lever from like a political basis. And so are there considerations around other mechanisms that the government can use?
Speaker 219:10 - 19:38
你怎么看待你刚才所说内容中的其他投入要素?比如说,你提到了 rare earth magnets(稀土磁体)。我的理解是——当然这个我还没有核实,如果不对请纠正——A)rare earths 实际上并不稀有,B)整个市场规模每年大概只有几十亿美元,C)这个市场被 China 大量补贴,以便基本上控制供给。这有点像是一个政治层面的杠杆。所以,围绕这一点,政府是否也会考虑使用其他机制?
Speaker 219:38 - 19:52
I know there have been, but I'd love to hear how you all are thinking about other aspects of the supply chain that may be raw materials, that may be heavily subsidized or propped up by foreign governments, etc, and how we should address those areas in addition.
Speaker 219:38 - 19:52
我知道之前已经有一些做法了,但我很想听听你们是如何看待 supply chain 的其他环节的——这些环节可能是 raw materials(原材料),也可能是那些受到外国政府大量补贴或扶持起来的领域,等等——以及除了这些之外,我们还应该如何应对这些领域。
Speaker 119:52 - 20:07
Absolutely. And so you're exactly right. The total you know, the really interesting thing about rare earths is obviously, as you point out, they're not that rare. I think, you know, some people have said that they're everywhere. It's not totally true either.
Speaker 119:52 - 20:07
当然。你说得完全对。总的来说,rare earths 一个非常有意思的地方就在于,正如你指出的,它们其实并没有那么稀有。我想,有些人甚至说它们到处都是。但这也并不完全准确。
Speaker 120:07 - 20:39
I mean, they're not everywhere, but they're in lots of different places. I think the sort of key thing is that really drives, you know, the economics of the of those industries is how much energy do you need to pump into the ground in order to extract a given mineral at a given, you know, quality grade. And then what's actually really rare is the refining process. Because the number of processing facilities for these minerals is very, very limited outside of China. They exist, but in very limited quantities.
Speaker 120:07 - 20:39
我的意思是,它们并不是到处都有,但确实分布在很多不同的地方。我认为,真正驱动这些行业经济性的关键因素,是你需要向地下投入多少 energy(能源),才能以某种既定的 quality grade(品位)提取出某一种矿物。而真正稀缺的其实是 refining(精炼)过程。因为在 China 之外,这类矿物的 processing facilities(加工设施)数量非常非常有限。它们是存在的,但数量非常少。
Speaker 120:40 - 21:07
And and you're right. And China obviously subsidizes the hell out of them. And so and so it's it's very exciting to be able to, you know, share with you on the on that that the Trump administration's actually really had a very, very comprehensive approach. I mean, we've been really focused on the mineral security issue pretty much since day one of the administration. We did the largest critical minerals summit in the history of the State Department.
Speaker 120:40 - 21:07
对,你说得没错。而且 China 显然给了他们大量补贴。所以,能和你们分享这一点确实非常令人振奋:Trump administration 实际上采取了一套非常、非常全面的应对方式。我的意思是,我们从本届政府上任第一天起,几乎就一直高度聚焦于 mineral security(矿产安全)这个问题。我们还举办了 State Department 历史上规模最大的 critical minerals(关键矿产)峰会。
Speaker 121:08 - 21:50
In February, on February 4, with over 55 countries that participated, we signed critical mineral MOU deals with dozens of countries who have lots of different kinds of minerals. And now one of the things that we're doing and have been aggressively pursued across the administration is allocating capital and investments into a lot of these projects to make sure that they have access to the resources to expand production. So that's on the supply side. On the demand side, the administration is hard at work at negotiating deals with countries to address the pricing issue. Because as you guys know from the business that you invest in, you can invest a lot of money in a startup.
Speaker 121:08 - 21:50
在 2 月,2 月 4 日那次会议上,有 55 个以上的国家参与。我们与几十个拥有多种不同矿产资源的国家签署了 critical mineral MOU(关键矿产谅解备忘录)协议。现在,我们正在做、而且整个政府都在积极推进的一件事,就是向很多这类项目配置 capital(资本)和 investment(投资),确保它们能够获得扩大生产所需的资源。这是 supply side(供给侧)。而在 demand side(需求侧),政府也在努力与各国谈判协议,来解决 pricing(定价)问题。因为正如你们从自己投资的业务中所了解的,你可以向一家 startup(初创公司)投入很多钱。
Speaker 121:50 - 22:16
But ultimately, a lot of the economics of whether a company can be viable is really based on the price that that company is able to provide a service for. And so the pricing mechanism is really, really central to unlocking long term commercial viability. And I'm incredibly confident that we actually will resolve the pricing issue for the minerals market before the end of this administration.
Speaker 121:50 - 22:16
但归根结底,一家公司能否具备 viability(生存能力、商业可行性),很大程度上取决于它能够以什么样的价格提供服务。所以 pricing mechanism(定价机制)对于释放长期商业可行性至关重要。我也非常有信心,我们实际上会在本届政府结束前解决 minerals market(矿产市场)的定价问题。
Speaker 322:17 - 22:33
You mentioned that you are, you know, directly investing in domains of importance where you're trying to, like, trigger better supply capability with us and allies. Like, how do you think of the role of asking for a friend, private capital, in these initiatives?
Speaker 322:17 - 22:33
你提到,你们正在直接投资一些重要领域,想和我们以及盟友一起推动更强的 supply capability(供应能力)。那么——替朋友问一句——你怎么看 private capital(私人资本)在这些举措中的作用?
Speaker 122:34 - 23:42
Yeah. So I think, I mean, you guys have such an important role to play, mainly because, you know, there much of, you know, whether a project materializes or not, as you guys know, it hinges on execution, you know, capacity. Can a company really execute on a very aggressive ambitious plan? And one of the amazing superpowers of the venture capital business is, you guys are kind of hardwired to be able to assess a lot of the personality attributes of founders and operators to tell you some of the things that are harder to read from a deck or a spreadsheet on does this person really have, you know, what it takes to be able to execute, you know, and address execution risk, you know, underlying scientific risk, you know, all the different risks that inevitably exist in any company. And so and so the feedback and so we actually would really love for the venture capital ecosystem to help be part of the solution because I think, you know, you guys are better positioned to assess, you know, who are the best players in the space.
Speaker 122:34 - 23:42
是的。所以我认为,你们可以发挥极其重要的作用,主要是因为,很多项目最终能不能落地,正如你们所知道的,取决于 execution(执行)能力。一家公司到底能不能真正执行一个非常激进、雄心勃勃的计划?而 venture capital(风险投资)行业的一项惊人“超能力”就在于,你们几乎是天生就擅长评估 founders(创始人)和 operators(运营者)身上的很多人格特质,从而判断一些单靠 pitch deck(演示材料)或 spreadsheet(电子表格)很难看出来的东西:这个人到底有没有真正把事情做成的能力,能不能应对 execution risk(执行风险)、底层 scientific risk(科学风险),以及任何公司都不可避免会面临的各种风险。所以,你们的反馈非常重要。事实上,我们确实很希望 venture capital ecosystem(风险投资生态)能成为解决方案的一部分,因为我认为,在判断这个领域里谁是最优秀的参与者这件事上,你们处在更有利的位置。
Speaker 123:44 - 24:50
And we can take that as an important signal to help inform capital allocations that we make on the government side to make sure that we allocate money in the right places and in the most efficient way possible, especially as good stewards of taxpayer money. The other thing is, I think beyond sort of assessing, you know, who the best players are, I think on the innovation side, I mean, there's a number of really great companies, especially out here in the Bay Area, who are working on new materials and, you know, rare earth free, you know, magnets and lots of other kinds of innovations. And I think that's where we have, you know, there's a lot of room and potential for potentially coming out with, you know, a rabbit out of a hat situation where we somehow end up solving this issue in a way that was completely unanticipated through innovation. And so, and that will ultimately be a solution that will really be born out of the tech industry, not the government. And so, you know, those are things that we obviously want to be attuned to and help be supportive in any way we can.
Speaker 123:44 - 24:50
而我们可以把这当作一个重要信号,用来帮助指导政府这边的 capital allocation(资本配置),确保我们把资金投到正确的地方,并且尽可能高效地使用,尤其是作为 taxpayer money(纳税人资金)的负责管理者。另一点是,我认为除了评估谁是最优秀的参与者之外,在 innovation(创新)层面,也有不少非常出色的公司,尤其是在 Bay Area,这些公司正在研发 new materials(新材料)、rare earth free(无稀土)的 magnets(磁体),以及许多其他类型的创新。我认为这正是一个存在很大空间和潜力的方向,也许最后我们真能像“变戏法一样从帽子里掏出兔子”,通过创新,以一种完全出乎意料的方式解决这个问题。而那样的解决方案,归根结底将真正诞生于 tech industry(科技产业),而不是政府。所以,这些显然都是我们希望持续关注、并尽我们所能提供支持的事情。
Speaker 324:50 - 25:21
When you think about you mentioned limited bandwidth, of course, and economic security in the AI supply chain being an enormous topic. Like, how do you think about prioritizing twenty seven, twenty eight versus five years out? Because this is something we think about as well where, you know, if you look at next gen lithography and robotics and, let's say, chip, new new semis designs, for example, there are some longer term plays that are more capital intensive. And so we balance our our views on that and nuclear and such with software that is gonna ship this year.
Speaker 324:50 - 25:21
你刚才提到 bandwidth(精力与资源带宽)有限,当然还有 AI supply chain(AI 供应链)中的 economic security(经济安全)是一个极其庞大的议题。那么你怎么看待对 2027、2028 年与五年之后的优先级排序?因为这也是我们会思考的问题:比如如果看 next gen lithography(下一代光刻)、robotics(机器人技术),以及比如说 chip(芯片)和新的 semis designs(半导体设计),这里面有些是更长期、也更资本密集的布局。所以我们会在这些方向、nuclear(核能)等等,与那些今年就能 ship(交付、推出)的 software(软件)之间做平衡。
Speaker 125:23 - 26:01
Yeah. One of the approaches that we so I think, I mean, one of the approaches that the administration's taken that, you know, hopefully will will really be the foundation for a lot of, you know, short term change as well as just provide long term support is helping shape the environment. You know, creating a macro environment that basically makes innovation, iteration of innovations, as well as deployment of innovations, a lot easier and less expensive. So the administration's approach to expanding our domestic energy supply is obviously part of that. Expanding nuclear.
Speaker 125:23 - 26:01
是的。我认为,我们这届政府采取的一种方法——也希望它既能成为很多短期变化的基础,也能提供长期支持——就是帮助塑造整体环境。也就是创造一种 macro environment(宏观环境),让 innovation(创新)、创新的 iteration(迭代),以及创新的 deployment(部署),都变得更容易、成本更低。所以,政府扩大 domestic energy supply(国内能源供应)的做法显然就是其中的一部分。还有扩大 nuclear(核能)。
Speaker 126:01 - 27:09
The administration is really undertaking a lot of efforts to basically cut red tape, accelerate the deployment of American nuclear energy. And from memory, it was actually one of the first executive orders that the president signed that where they said they wanted to quadruple our domestic nuclear supply, as well as, you know, a lot of actions to deregulate. The one big beautiful bill included a lot of tax incentives. And through the State Department, we were looking to help, you know, be play a constructive part in shaping that environment by creating these evergreen, you know, systems basically, like the forward deployed industrial base, that will be a long term platform, and hopefully a replicable one that we could pursue in other geographies. And the idea is that for the long term, our technology companies will have these platforms to operate in that will provide, that will really be a competitive strategic edge that they can use to build very very quickly and actually get to market faster.
Speaker 126:01 - 27:09
本届政府确实在做很多努力,基本上就是要减少繁文缛节,加快 American 核能的部署。凭我的记忆,这实际上是总统签署的首批 executive order(行政命令)之一:他们表示希望将我们的国内核能供应提升到四倍,同时还会采取很多 deregulate(放松监管)行动。那个 one big beautiful bill 里也包含了很多 tax incentives(税收激励)。而通过 State Department,我们希望通过建立这类“常青”的系统来帮助、发挥建设性作用,塑造这样的环境——本质上类似 forward deployed industrial base——使其成为一个长期平台,并且希望它是可复制的,未来我们可以在其他 geographies(地区)推进。这个思路是,从长期看,我们的 technology companies 将拥有可供运营的平台,这会真正提供一种有竞争力的战略优势,让它们能够非常非常快地建设,并且更快进入市场。
Speaker 227:09 - 27:31
How do you think about in general this transitioning through administration? So you mentioned a number of executive orders. Typically, when an administration shifts, you end up with a lot of those executive orders undone in both directions. Right? Somebody comes in and they kind of cancel a bunch of the executive orders that were signed by the prior administration, and they write a bunch of other ones that may be at odds with them.
Speaker 227:09 - 27:31
你总体上怎么看这种跨 administration(政府/执政团队)过渡的问题?你刚才提到了不少 executive orders。通常在 administration 更替时,这类 executive orders 往往会在两个方向上被推翻,对吧?新上来的人会取消前一届政府签署的一批 executive orders,然后再签一批新的,而这些新的可能又与前者相冲突。
Speaker 227:32 - 27:40
And so often the key is legislation or other approaches. How do you view making this stick if you think it's so important for our country's future?
Speaker 227:32 - 27:40
所以很多时候,关键在于 legislation(立法)或其他办法。如果你认为这对我们国家的未来如此重要,那么你怎么看待怎样才能让这件事真正持续下去?
Speaker 127:40 - 28:04
Well, are some things that I think will be hard to undo. I mean, tax reform is very sticky. And so, know, one of the interesting attributes about my role of the State Department is we're actually not allowed to comment on electoral politics. So it's kind of this interesting, you know
Speaker 127:40 - 28:04
嗯,有些事情我认为会很难被推翻。我的意思是,tax reform(税制改革)是很有黏性的。所以,你知道,关于我在 State Department 这个角色,一个有意思的特点是,我们实际上不被允许评论 electoral politics(选举政治)。所以这就形成了一种很有意思的、你知道——
Speaker 228:05 - 28:06
Yeah. So I guess ignoring that.
Speaker 228:05 - 28:06
对。所以我想那这一点就先略过吧。
Speaker 128:06 - 28:08
Statutory limitation that we're subject to.
Speaker 128:06 - 28:08
这是我们必须遵守的 statutory limitation(法定限制)。
Speaker 328:08 - 28:27
When you we we have the audience of a lot of folks in the AI ecosystem, but also a lot of folks in the general business and investing ecosystem of companies of different scale. What do you think, like, American business people and entrepreneurs should know about these policies in terms of how they affect them?
Speaker 328:08 - 28:27
我们的受众里有很多来自 AI ecosystem(AI 生态)的朋友,也有很多来自更广泛的商业和投资生态、以及不同规模公司的从业者。你觉得 American 的商界人士和创业者应该了解这些政策的哪些方面,尤其是这些政策会如何影响他们?
Speaker 128:28 - 29:27
The the goal for Paxilica is we want to use it as a platform to expand market access for our companies. Because even amongst our allies, sometimes our companies, you know, face a lot of hurdles with exporting their products and services. So we want to hear feedback from them on, you know, what are what's working and what's not working in places like Japan, South Korea, India, and things that we could do better in the policymaking space to make sure that we can actually make, you know, provide some support for our companies to be more competitive in those markets. We also want to hear, you know, it's been great to already get a lot of feedback from a number of different companies on partnerships that are already in flight and opportunities that they see on the table on the supply chain security side. So there's a lot of cross pollination and partnerships that are already being forged between American companies and companies in India, in Japan, in South Korea, even in Singapore.
Speaker 128:28 - 29:27
Paxilica 的目标,是把它作为一个平台来扩大我们企业的 market access(市场准入)。因为即便是在我们的盟友之间,我们的公司有时在出口其产品和服务时也会面临很多障碍。所以我们希望听到他们的反馈:比如在 Japan、South Korea、India 这样的地方,哪些做法是有效的,哪些是无效的;以及我们在 policymaking(政策制定)层面还能做哪些改进,以确保我们实际上能够提供一些支持,让我们的公司在这些市场里更有竞争力。我们也希望听到——你知道,目前已经很不错了——我们已经从不少不同公司那里收到了大量反馈,涉及已经在推进中的 partnerships(合作关系),以及他们在 supply chain security(供应链安全)方面看到的机会。所以现在已经有很多 cross pollination(跨界交流)和合作,正在 American 公司与 India、Japan、South Korea,甚至 Singapore 的公司之间形成。
Speaker 129:27 - 30:14
And so understanding those partnerships helps us really understand how executives are thinking about their supply chain strategy. Everyone uniformly is obviously thinking about ways of having of being much more deliberate about their supply chain decisions in ways that factor in the realities of the need to not be overexposed to China because of the political dynamics at work. And so understanding where they see opportunities for what segments of their supply chain helps us get a better understanding of what's working and what can we help grow, you know, as quickly as possible and scale. And so that part is very useful. So I would say expanded market access, strategic partnership opportunities on the supply chain side.
Speaker 129:27 - 30:14
因此,理解这些 partnership(合作伙伴关系)能帮助我们真正理解高管们是如何思考其 supply chain(供应链)战略的。显然,所有人都在一致地考虑,如何以更审慎得多的方式来做供应链决策,把这样一种现实纳入考量:由于背后的政治动态,不能让自己对 China 暴露过深。因此,理解他们认为在其供应链的哪些环节存在机会,有助于我们更好地判断什么是有效的,以及我们能帮助哪些部分尽快增长并实现 scale(规模化)。所以,这一部分非常有用。总的来说,我会说,这是更广泛的 market access(市场准入),以及供应链侧的 strategic partnership opportunities(战略合作机会)。
Speaker 130:15 - 30:59
And and then we also want to make sure that we actually create a space where we can talk about important intellectual property intellectual property conversations. You guys are obviously very involved in the AI industry. And so I'm sure you've been, you know, spending a lot of time thinking about the whole model distillation debate, which is super important to actually protect the economic value of these hundreds of billions of dollars in investments in AI companies. And so that remains a really important unresolved area of policy, where I think getting the input from the builders who are the closest to the development of this technology is super important.
Speaker 130:15 - 30:59
另外,我们也希望确保,能够真正创造出一个空间,让大家讨论重要的 intellectual property(知识产权)议题。你们显然都深度参与 AI 行业,所以我相信你们已经花了很多时间在思考整个 model distillation(模型蒸馏)争议;这一点极其重要,因为它关系到如何真正保护对 AI 公司数千亿美元投资所承载的经济价值。因此,这仍然是一个非常重要且尚未解决的政策领域,而我认为,来自那些最贴近这项技术开发的一线 builders(建设者、开发者)的意见至关重要。
Speaker 331:00 - 31:10
When we last spoke to you on No Priors, you were just beginning your tenure at the State Department. What has the biggest surprise been? You've been very active since you started.
Speaker 331:00 - 31:10
我们上一次在 No Priors 采访你时,你刚刚开始在 State Department 任职。到目前为止,最大的意外是什么?你上任以来一直非常活跃。
Speaker 131:11 - 31:49
Well, the biggest surprise is honestly how entrepreneurial it's the Trump administration has been. Because I think the stereotype for people who work outside of the government is usually really focuses on, you know, this idea of the government is super bureaucratic. And obviously, that's not to say that the government is a massive enterprise. And lots and lots of people involved, lots of processes. But the really extraordinary thing is we have a president who also spent most of his life in the private sector and who really likes speed.
Speaker 131:11 - 31:49
说实话,最大的意外是 Trump administration 的创业型风格有多强。因为我觉得,对政府体系之外的人来说,那种刻板印象通常都聚焦在“政府非常官僚”这个观念上。当然,这并不是说政府不是一个庞大的组织——它确实如此,牵涉到大量人员和大量流程。但真正非同寻常的一点在于,我们有一位总统,他人生中的大部分时间也都在 private sector(私营部门)度过,而且他真的非常喜欢速度。
Speaker 131:49 - 32:45
I mean, you know, the running joke, especially, you know, with our counterparts overseas that deal with the Trump administration is that we like to move in Trump time. Because, you know, the president, when he likes something, he wants it yesterday. And so that part's really been amazing because the appetite to try new things and the appetite for risk and to move really, really fast is highly unusual by government standards and really speak for the philosophy that President Trump brings to bear in the Oval Office. And so that part's really been extraordinary. That combined with the really great leadership that we've been able to benefit from at the cabinet level from secretary Bessen, secretary Lutnick, secretary Rubio, secretary Bergam, who, you know, it's an incredibly collegial team.
Speaker 131:49 - 32:45
我的意思是,你知道,尤其是和 Trump administration 打交道的海外对口方之间,大家有个常开的玩笑:我们喜欢按 Trump time 行动。因为总统一旦喜欢上某件事,他希望那件事昨天就已经完成。所以这一点真的很惊人,因为这种尝试新事物的意愿、承担风险的意愿,以及以极快速度推进的意愿,按政府标准来看都极不寻常,也非常体现 President Trump 在 Oval Office 所带入的那种理念。所以这一点确实不同凡响。再加上我们在 cabinet 层面受益于非常出色的领导,比如 secretary Bessen、secretary Lutnick、secretary Rubio、secretary Bergam;这是一个协作性极强的团队。
Speaker 132:46 - 32:59
And and they really, you know, operate with a level of professionalism that's been incredibly inspiring for people like me in the sub cabinet to be able to benefit from and and also, you know, work very constructively with our bureaus.
Speaker 132:46 - 32:59
而且他们确实以一种高度专业的水准在运作,这对像我这样在 sub-cabinet 层级工作的人来说,能从中受益、同时也能与我们的各个 bureau(司局)开展非常建设性的合作,是极具启发性的。
Speaker 333:00 - 33:13
One thing that you've said recently surprised me just in phrasing. You referred to America as a global underdog, I believe. That's not the way I think of America. Can you explain yourself?
Speaker 333:00 - 33:13
你最近说过的一句话让我很意外,尤其是那个表述。你把 America 称作一个 global underdog(全球弱势挑战者),如果我没记错的话。那不是我通常理解 America 的方式。你能解释一下吗?
Speaker 133:13 - 33:59
Yeah. So I think, you know, it's interesting because I think The US often thinks of itself as the Navy and, you know Versus a pirate. Versus a pirate. And so, you know, Allison Graham wrote this book years ago called The Thucydides Trapped, where he kind of characterized America as the established power, and he characterized China as the rising power. And and I actually think, you know, one of the really big flaws in that whole line of thinking is I really wouldn't say we're an established power because I think for most of our history I mean, one of the things that really makes America quite unique and and very different is from the earliest days of our founding, we've always been a nation of underdogs.
Speaker 133:13 - 33:59
对。我觉得这很有意思,因为我认为,The US 经常把自己想象成海军,而不是海盗。对,不是海盗。几年前,Allison Graham 写过一本书,叫 The Thucydides Trapped,他在书里把 America 描述为既有强权,把 China 描述为崛起中的强权。而我其实认为,这整套思路中的一个很大缺陷在于:我并不会说我们是一个既有强权,因为回看我们大部分历史——我的意思是,America 非常独特、也非常不同的一点就在于,从建国最早期开始,我们一直都是一个由 underdogs(弱势挑战者)组成的国家。
Speaker 133:59 - 35:06
We started out as 13, disorganized, unruly, rebelling against an empire of polite society and, you know, the educated expert class. And who said that, you know, our project as a republic would never succeed. And if there really is one through line across our history, as almost any decade in, you know, the history of our country, there have been, you know, a class of experts that predicted, you know, our decline or, you know, that we've reached the limits of our power, whether it was the great financial crash, whether it was the Iraq War, the first and second oil crisis, you know, the Vietnam War, you name it. And, you know, the amazing thing is Americans perform really, really well when, you know, we feel like our backs are against the wall and it's crunch time. I mean, I'm sure you'll remember during COVID, there were these very dramatic, you know, Atlantic magazine covers about the great unraveling of America.
Speaker 133:59 - 35:06
我们起初是 13 个州,组织混乱、不受约束,反抗着一个讲究礼仪的社会帝国,以及,你知道的,那种受过良好教育的专家阶层。也有人说,我们这个 republic(共和国)项目绝不可能成功。而如果说我们的历史中真有一条贯穿始终的主线,那就是几乎在我们国家历史上的每一个十年里,总会有那么一批专家预言我们的衰落,或者说我们已经到了国力的极限——无论是那场巨大的金融崩盘、Iraq War、第一次和第二次石油危机,还是 Vietnam War,诸如此类。可惊人的是,美国人在感觉自己被逼到墙角、到了关键时刻的时候,往往表现得特别、特别出色。我的意思是,你肯定还记得,在 COVID 期间,Atlantic magazine 出过一些非常戏剧化的封面,谈什么 America 的大崩解。
Speaker 135:06 - 35:43
And against the odds of, you know, everyone in the mainstream press, we came out with a with a vaccine in under a year that actually performed much, much better than every other alternative out there and came out of COVID much earlier. China obviously was bogged down in its zero COVID policy, the effects of which it's still feeling today. And so the reason I say this is because I think, you know, culturally, it's something that makes America very, very unique. And I think it's something that really hits close to home for Silicon Valley because it really Silicon Valley embodies, you know, the quintessence of the underdog mentality. Every founder
Speaker 135:06 - 35:43
但出乎主流媒体几乎所有人的预料,我们在不到一年内就推出了 vaccine(疫苗),而且它的表现实际上比当时所有其他替代方案都好得多,我们也比别人更早走出了 COVID。China 显然被它的 zero COVID policy(清零政策)拖住了,而这种影响直到今天都还在持续。所以我这么说,是因为我认为,从文化上看,这正是 America 非常非常独特的一点。我也觉得这点和 Silicon Valley 的关系特别密切,因为 Silicon Valley 真正体现了 underdog mentality(弱者逆袭心态)的精髓。每一位 founder
Speaker 335:43 - 35:44
my soul.
Speaker 335:43 - 35:44
说到我心坎里了。
Speaker 135:44 - 36:26
Yes. Every founder started out, you know, as having a contrarian idea that was kind of seen as heretical by, you know, the expert class, you know, the sort of polished Harvard professors of the world that think that, you know, they sort of have these well founded sign you know, sciences. And, you know, you have people who, you know, some of them are dropouts. They sort of, you know, dare to question, you know, old orthodoxies, and, you know, they hear no 45 times before getting to a yes, and they keep going. And and so it really is, you know, part of the DNA of, you know, what makes a founder a really great founder.
Speaker 135:44 - 36:26
对。每一位 founder(一位创业者)起步时都有某种 contrarian idea(逆向想法),而这种想法往往会被专家阶层视为异端——被那些自认为掌握了扎实“科学”的、举止圆滑的 Harvard professors 之类的人这么看待。然后你会看到一些人,其中有些甚至是 dropouts(辍学者),他们敢于质疑旧有的 orthodoxies(正统观念);他们在得到一次 yes 之前,往往会先听到 45 次 no,但他们还是继续往前走。所以这确实就是 DNA 的一部分——也就是让一个 founder 成为真正伟大 founder 的那种东西。
Speaker 136:26 - 37:28
And so and and I think it's it really is that kind of spirit, that that new frontier mentality that makes Silicon Valley unique, but that has really, you know, characterized America as a nation that's allowed us to always bounce back whenever we we've experienced a setback. And so it makes me really, you know, optimistic about the future of our country. And and I think, you know, my message to founders, you know, executives in Silicon Valley, as well as our partners overseas is I think that is the very that's the kind of spirit we want and are looking for when we wanna partner with people. But and and it's also the kind of of ethos that people should expect from us, you know, when they when they when they ask themselves, you know, what can I expect from Americans versus, you know, executives from another country, say China? And and I think the answer is, you know, with America, a lot of the times, it's very positive sum because our companies already work on positive sum partnerships all around the world.
Speaker 136:26 - 37:28
所以我认为,正是这种精神,这种 new frontier mentality(新边疆心态),让 Silicon Valley 与众不同;而这种精神其实也一直定义着 America 这个国家,并使我们每次遭遇挫折后都能反弹回来。因此,这让我对我们国家的未来非常乐观。我想对 founders、Silicon Valley 的 executives(高管),以及我们的海外伙伴传递的信息是:这正是我们希望看到、也希望在与人合作时寻找的那种精神。而且,当人们思考“与 Americans 合作时我可以期待什么”,以及“相比另一个国家的 executives,比如 China 的高管,会有什么不同”时,他们也应该预期我们会体现出这样的 ethos(精神气质)。而我认为答案是:很多时候,America 带来的是一种非常 positive-sum(正和)的结果,因为我们的公司早已在世界各地开展 positive-sum partnerships(正和合作伙伴关系)。
Speaker 137:29 - 37:37
And, you know, it it will involve a lot of tenacity and creative thinking. And that's how American founders work. Thanks so
Speaker 137:29 - 37:37
而且,这其中会包含大量的 tenacity(韧性)和 creative thinking(创造性思维)。American founders 就是这样做事的。非常感谢你们今天
Speaker 237:37 - 37:38
much for joining us today.
Speaker 237:37 - 37:38
来参加。
Speaker 137:38 - 37:41
No. No. Thank you. Thanks thanks for doing this follow-up.
Speaker 137:38 - 37:41
不,不,该谢谢你。谢谢,谢谢你们做这次后续采访。
Speaker 337:42 - 37:58
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Speaker 337:42 - 37:58
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原文 ↗https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjlYpGaxIPA
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